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Network

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light. (especially in large workplaces) Two very common types of networks include:

• • A Local Area Network (LAN)

• • Wide Area Network (WAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.Services provided can include printing and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval complete access control (security) for the network’s resources and many others. Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide “services” to the other computers (and their human users) on the network.

On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly. Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might be far less.

Wide Area Network (Wan)

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network. Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a matter of seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world apart with workstations equipped with microphones and a webcams might teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN.

WAN connects all the networks that host all the systems and are assumed to exist on the entire senses due to its structure.

CHAPTER 1.1 (Software)

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 Network Operating System

The two major types of network operating systems are:

• • Peer-to-Peer

• • Client/Server

(Peer-to-Peer)

Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are designed primarily for small to medium local area networks. Nearly all modern desktop operating systems, such as Macintosh OSX, Linux, and Windows, can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.

What do you mean by peer-to-peer?

Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a decentralized communications model in which each party has the same capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session.

Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:

• • Less initial expense – No need for a dedicated server.

• • Setup – An operating system (such as Windows XP) already in place may only need to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer operations.

Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:

• • Decentralized – No central repository for files and applications.

• • Security – Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.

(Client/Server)

Individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers. The network operating system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components of the network and allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources irrespective of physical location. UNIX/Linux and the Microsoft family of Windows Servers are examples of client/server network operating systems.

Advantages of a client/server network:

• • Centralized – Resources and data security are controlled through the server.

• • Scalability – Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs increase.

• • Flexibility – New technology can be easily integrated into system.

• • Interoperability – All components (client/network/server) work together.

• • Accessibility – Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.

Disadvantages of a client/server network:

• • Expense – Requires initial investment in dedicated server.

• • Maintenance – Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operation.

• • Dependence – When server goes down, operations will cease across the network.

What do you mean client/server

Client-server denotes a relationship between cooperating programs in an application, composed of clients initiating requests for services and servers providing that function or service.

Network Operating System Software

The following links include some of the more popular peer-to-peer and client/server network operating systems.

• • Macintosh OS X

• • Microsoft Windows Server

• • UNIX/Linux

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